India

This country page describes, in brief, data that TJET has compiled on regime transitions, intrastate conflict episodes, and transitional justice mechanisms. For details on the data included on this page, view the FAQ.

For India, TJET has collected information on: eleven amnesties between 1972 and 2010; 75 domestic trials starting between 1972 and 2019; and one truth commission mandated in 1977.

Select any transitional justice mechanism in the table below to view a timeline in the figure.

Country Background

Democratic Transition

TJET records no democratic transitions in India between 1970 and 2020.

Violent Conflict

Based on the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, TJET records 40 violent intrastate conflict episodes between 1970 and 2020 (during 44 calendar years), involving 24 distinct armed opposition groups fighting against the government.

Data up to 2020. Hover over column labels for definitions. Source: UCDP Dyadic Dataset version 23.1, https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html#dyadic.

Transitional Justice Data

As of 2020, India ranks 27th out of 174 on TJET’s legacy of violence index. For a full list of country rankings over time, view the index page, and for an explanation of the index, view the Methods & FAQs page.

Amnesties

India had eleven amnesties between 1972 and 2010. Five were passed during ongoing internal armed conflict. Five were passed after internal armed conflict. Three were part of a peace agreement. Four amnesties released political prisoners. Two amnesties forgave human rights violations.

Data up to 2020. Hover over column labels for definitions.

Domestic Trials

TJET has compiled data on 75 domestic prosecutions between 1972 and 2019. These include 53 regular human rights prosecutions of state agents, in which 52 persons were convicted; 20 intrastate conflict prosecutions of state agents, in which 17 persons were convicted; and two intrastate conflict prosecutions of opposition members, in which three persons were convicted. In five trials that involved high-ranking state agents, five persons were convicted.

Click on accused records for data on convictions. Data up to 2020. Hover over column labels for definitions.

Truth Commissions

India mandated one truth commission in 1977. The commission completed its operations in 1978. The commission issued a final report, which is publicly available.