Philippines


This country page describes, in brief, data that TJET has compiled on regime transitions, intrastate conflict episodes, and transitional justice mechanisms. For details on the data included on this page, view the FAQ.

For Philippines, TJET has collected information on: 24 amnesties between 1973 and 2014; 72 domestic trials starting between 1980 and 2018; one reparations policy created in 2013; two truth commissions mandated between 1986 and 2010; and one vetting policy starting in 1986.

Select any transitional justice mechanism in the table below to view a timeline in the figure.


Country Background

Democratic Transition

Based on well-known democracy data, TJET records one democratic transition starting in 1986.

Data up to 2020. Hover over column labels for definitions.

Violent Conflict

Based on the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, TJET records 26 violent intrastate conflict episodes between 1970 and 2020, involving 13 distinct armed opposition groups fighting against the government. One conflict episode was internationalized by involvement of external state actors.

Data up to 2020. Hover over column labels for definitions. Source: UCDP Dyadic Dataset version 23.1, https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/index.html#dyadic.


Transitional Justice Data

As of 2020, Philippines ranks 13rd out of 174 on TJET’s legacy of violence index. For a full list of country rankings over time, view the index page, and for an explanation of the index, view the Methods & FAQs page.


Amnesties

Philippines had 24 amnesties between 1973 and 2014. One occurred in the context of democratic transition. 18 were passed during ongoing internal armed conflict. One was passed after internal armed conflict. Four were part of a peace agreement. Four amnesties released political prisoners. Two amnesties forgave human rights violations.

Data up to 2020. Hover over column labels for definitions.


Domestic Trials

TJET has compiled data on 72 domestic prosecutions between 1980 and 2019. These include three transitional human rights prosecutions of state agents, in which one person was convicted; 62 regular human rights prosecutions of state agents, in which 38 persons were convicted; five intrastate conflict prosecutions of state agents, in which 51 persons were convicted; two intrastate conflict prosecutions of opposition members, in which no one was convicted; and three opposition prosecutions of state agents or opposition members, in which 16 persons were convicted. In three trials that involved high-ranking state agents, three persons were convicted.

Click on accused records for data on convictions. Data up to 2020. Hover over column labels for definitions.


Reparations Policies

Philippines implemented one reparations policy between 2014 and 2018. According to available information, there was a total of 75749 individual beneficiaries. One reparations policy provided collective benefits.

Data up to 2020. Hover over column labels for definitions.


Truth Commissions

Philippines mandated two truth commissions in 1986 and 2010. The commissions completed their operations in 1987 and 2016. One of the commissions issued a final report, which is publicly available. The report included recommendations for reparations and institutional reforms.

Data up to 2020. Hover over column labels for definitions.


Vetting Policies

Philippines had one vetting policy, starting in 1986; TJET found no information on whether or when the policy ended. This policy provided sanctions based on past individual conduct.

Data up to 2020. Hover over column labels for definitions.


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